Moreover, because the survey was cross-sectional and reliant on self-reported retrospective data, conclusions cannot be drawn about the causality of outcomes, including the relation between marginalization and negative health outcomes.
Deterministic methods are founded on the principle of causality, wherein outcomes are entirely defined by a chain of relationships between cause and effect.
Although such large-scale studies necessarily rely on correlations for inferred causality, the outcomes are in agreement with experimental and theoretical evidence, namely, that high diversity systems provide more services with less variability [1].
To make some progress in disentangling causality and outcomes, the recent focus has been on microlevel data, as a way of understanding links between housing and fertility, and specifically between the cost of housing and fertility.
Worth noting, as responsibility is linked to knowledge of causality, the outcome, which one should produce and therefore he/she is held accountable for, should be known in advance.
Conclusion: We describe an approach for evaluating liver histology in DILI and demonstrate numerous associations between pathological findings and clinical presentations that may serve as a foundation for future studies correlating DILI pathology with its causality and outcome.
The design of this study is cross sectional, which limits the ability to infer causal relationship between nurses' shift length and nurse outcomes causality.
The database contained patient characteristic, adverse events associated with andrographis products, and details on seriousness, causality, and clinical outcomes.
The purpose of the comparison between the US and Brazil was to highlight their unique historical, institutional, and policy contexts, as well as differences in causality and policy outcomes [ 38].
From each report, the following information was extracted: patient demographics, co-morbidities, suspected reactions, suspected drug as well as concomitant treatments, dosage, duration of andrographis treatment, date of adverse event onset, clinical outcome, causality assessment, and the source of reports.
Therefore, during this retrospective cohort study, the causality between the outcome and the AE was not discussed.
