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Note 5: The basis for determination of long-run causality lies in the significance of the lagged ECT coefficients.
Measuring outcomes and designing IHC interventions is further complicated by understanding that causality lies for the effectiveness of an IHC intervention lies not just with the treatment component but by enhancing the healing capacity of the patient (salutogenesis) through the social context and healing environment [ 72].
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The causality question lies at the heart of the case.
The solution to the problem of showing that we have to use the category of causality must lie somewhere in this activity of tying multiple objects together.
5. Causal effects have been treated like a stepchild for a long time, maybe because many researchers shared the opinion that causality would lie outside what could be scientifically assessed or mathematically formalised.
Therefore, we contend that the future study of causality in sports injury research lies with a mutually inclusive answer: continue to utilise traditional epidemiological approaches, but also embrace the possibilities associated with a systems thinking approach.
The key to infer causality to a particular intervention lies in identifying the confounders and assessing the trends in the behaviour of the control and the treatment group (Angrist and Pischke 2009).
Thus, we have two methods that lay claim to causality analysis and connectivity analysis in the brain; TMS (chronometry) and fMRI EC.
But the issues in distilling causality from correlation deserve their own treatment, which lies outside the scope of the present essay [ 11].
Their emphasis lies on forecast accuracy rather than on causality.
Part of the difficulty lies in the application of the concept of direct causality before selecting all the causal variables of interest for a specific patient.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com