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Since this was a cross-sectional study, causality is unknown.
However, whether the same or different neural processes are involved in perceiving physical and social causality is unknown.
Given the cross-sectional, observational design of the study, the direction of causality is unknown.
Although quality of life has been shown to be associated with fatigue in previous studies [ 8, 9], direction of causality is unknown.
Again, the direction of causality is unknown; it may be that service users who are experiencing psychosis begin to disengage with services affecting their quality of life, or that service users with poor continuity of care have poorer quality of life and poorer mental health as a result.
Similar(55)
Whilst the directions of causality are unknown, these findings nonetheless highlight the importance of asking service users about the elements of COC that they deem essential.
There are many situations, especially when dealing with physiological or clinical data, where the underlying causalities are unknown or hideously complicated and a reverse-modeling strategy makes good sense.
Although causality for variability is unknown, we find that the inherent aggregation propensity of ALS mutants is related to the duration of disease in ALS patients such that mutants that show high-aggregation propensities are associated with a greater risk for short disease duration.
In a specialised tertiary headache centre more than half of the patients were also diagnosed with TMD but their eventual causality is yet unknown.
But the causality chain between the two is unknown.
However, due to the cross-sectional design of the study, the direction of the correlation is unknown and causality cannot be proven.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com