18 The mediating relationship was conceived in causal terms, so while it was recognised that the statistical models cannot establish causality, the causal interpretation of the posited relationships must be plausible.
A longitudinal study design and information about residential history would further strengthen the results regarding the association causality as a cross-sectional study limit the causal interpretation.
We pose three questions when interpreting our results: two that are predicated on an assumption of causality and one that is not dependent on a causal interpretation of these findings.
Such correlation, however, do not necessarily implicate causality and interpretation of these data warrants caution.
Although the results agree with previous research (2, 3, 6), possible reverse causality complicates interpretation of their role in the etiology of CD.
Clearly, even a longitudinal association does not establish causality, and interpretation of these findings within the context of this study and in relation to other studies with Ad36 is required.
Complex causality Crosscheck our interpretation through discussions with executives and analysts.
This chapter covers the basic concepts of clinical epidemiology and translational epidemiology; the credibility of a study, bias, confounder, association, causality; and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence and study designs, ecologic study, cross-sectional study, prospective study, case-control study, nested case-control study, and clinical and community trials.
However, concerns of reverse causality hamper the interpretation of these results, that is higher body weight may lead to a lower PA level rather than vice versa.
