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Finally, the "Causality Index" is based on the phase slope index between inertial signals from different body parts.
The causality index (CI) was significantly affected by Frequency-Band (F = 10.5, df (Effect) = 3, df (Error) = 7, p<0.01), but not by other two factors (Modulation, Duration).
Finally, a causality index for each pair of ROIs and direction was computed as a simple sum of raw F-values across all participants when Zg was larger than Zt for each pair of ROIs.
Causality Index was calculated by using: <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000771.e005.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> Where D11, D22, and D12 are elements of D, S11( f ) and S22 ( f ) are the power spectra of channel 1 and channel 2 at frequency f respectively [77].
& § Causality index scores were determined according to the methods described by Danan and Benichou (reference 12).
There was a poor relationship between our consensus method and the causality assessment index, in part because of dependence on a positive re-challenge to attain maximum scores with the causality index.
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This double-level analysis enables us to obtain inter-individually counterbalanced group causality indices with considering a large inter-individual variance of individual causality indices.
The resultant causality indices composed a 15×15 matrix (Fg matrix) for each experimental condition.
Thus, the causality indices that we obtained effectively decreased any effects of possible mediators (X3.XN).
Our pGC results update our earlier cGC findings [16], because unlike cGC analysis, pGC analysis can factor out exogenous and/or latent influences from causality indices.
All causality indices across the 15 ROIs for the four experimental conditions are shown in Tables S2, S3, S4, and S5.
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