In addition we need motivational components that can be derived from the expectation theory, the causality theories, the self-regulation theories or the regulatory focus theory.
Hume's treatment of the idea of "necessary connection" in causality as deriving from the habitual expectation of the effect upon the observation of its cause is a classic example of projectivism, which some of his successors sought to extend to modality in general, including logical necessity.
As they point out "..., there is no expectation in Mayne's approach that causality can be firmly established, or that assessing a programme's contribution to outcomes should be conducted solely through quantitative methods.
Furthermore, it has to be kept in mind that epidemiology never proves causality, even it is reverse and contrary to the expectation.
Finally, by developing discrepancy, through helping the client to explore differences between their current situation and their expectations or ideals for the future, autonomy and an internal locus of causality is encouraged.
These include the therapist's personality (causality orientations) and motivation to participate in the study, the therapist and patient's treatment expectations, and the patient's baseline levels of depressive symptoms.
Taking into account the fact that parents' expectations and educational investment decisions are often decided simultaneously, this should not be interpreted as causality.
The specific outcomes assessed included: symptom relief, fulfilment of treatment expectations, satisfaction with treatment, the presence of adverse and other side effects, and the perceived causality of symptom relief.
STAMP extends current accident causality to include more complex causes than simply component failures and chains of failure events or deviations from operational expectations.
Table 4 provides a synthesis of the expectations, HRM practices and HR outcomes across all the country contexts but does not attempt to demonstrate causality from this exploratory study.
