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The association of obstipation with poor prognosis has been suggested previously [ 1, 2, 9, 11, 12]; however, a causality effect has never been demonstrated.
Therefore, our findings could only present an association rather than a causality effect between implementation of interventions and changes of drug expenditure or utilization.
In order to check the possibility of having a causality effect, the WTC was calculated, and the variations are shown in Fig. 6e and f.
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This would produce reverse causality effects in the husband response equation.
Each LP in Table 3 is represented in a computational form (by the JAVA language) and the dynamics of the system is achieved through evaluating the causality effects through a set of difference equations as in Eq. (4).
Furthermore, as a cross-sectional and descriptive study, it was not possible to assume causality effects among the variables, which restricts the possibilities to apply these data directly to the health communication milieu.
In this study, causality effects of the epigenetic marking on transcription levels were inferred through pharmacological inhibition of specific histone modifications and of DNA methylation in insulin-secreting cell lines.
In the absence of any valid food compound that is able to explain the association between physical health and the eggs and sweets pattern, we cannot exclude a possible reverse-causality effect.
Granger causality estimates the causal effect of the seed region on every other voxel in the brain (X to Y effect), as well as the Y to X effect, the causal effect of every voxel in the brain (Y) on the seed region (X).
However, we are unable to verify causality of effect [23].
The "central dogma" of the unidirectional flow of information from common genome variation → protein → phenotype over the life course also means that reverse causality and effect dilution are overcome in genetic studies.
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