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Therefore, the observed relationships between OA pain and productivity should be considered associative rather than causal, since direct causality cannot be inferred regarding the OA pain as a source of lost productivity, especially given that workers with OA pain were characterized by a significantly greater comorbidity burden than workers without OA pain.
We performed a retrospective, observational analysis, and therefore, causality cannot be inferred.
As the data is derived from case control studies, relationships between risk factors and outcomes represent associations and causality cannot be inferred.
Causality cannot be inferred because of the cross-sectional design of the study, but available evidence indicates that depression and depressive symptoms are predictive of falls[24].
However, causality cannot be inferred at this stage without further evidence to prove that the type of polyfunctional HIV-1-specific T-cell responses as described in our LTNP and LTT cohorts is indeed one of the mechanisms by which virological control is achieved.
Causality cannot be inferred.
Consequently, causality cannot be inferred.
Causality cannot be inferred from these cross-sectional data.
Our findings are observational and causality cannot be inferred.
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In addition to that, causality also cannot be inferred due to the nature of the cross-sectional study.
Causality (of predictors) cannot be inferred, and there could be many explanations for changes in the readiness constructs.
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