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Our analysis can only provide associations and inference regarding causality cannot be drawn.
However, limited by the observational study design, a conclusion of association by causality cannot be drawn.
66 Our study is observational, and conclusions about causality cannot be drawn; intervention trials would be needed.
21 However, it is important to stress that conclusions regarding causality cannot be drawn from cross-sectional studies.
Even if there is a strong association between high blood glucose levels and adverse neurological outcome after CA, conclusions on association or causality cannot be drawn.
The results suggest a relationship between exposure to triazine herbicides and increased breast cancer risk, but conclusions concerning causality cannot be drawn, due to the limitations inherent in ecologic study design.
Similar(54)
Given issues of inferring causality in quasi-experimental study designs, direct causal inferences cannot be drawn; rather, the goal is to add to the knowledge on smartphone apps for behaviour change.
Moreover, causal conclusions cannot be drawn.
Although causality between the symptoms cannot be drawn from this study, the negative impact of attention difficulties is relatively clear.
The cross-sectional design of our study allows only a demonstration of association, and conclusions cannot be drawn regarding causality.
Though the observational nature of this study means that conclusions cannot be drawn about causality, the present data suggest that South Asians may need to engage in higher levels of physical activity than Europeans to overcome their lower innate fitness and the associated metabolic consequences.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com