Sentence examples for causality and effect from inspiring English sources
The "central dogma" of the unidirectional flow of information from common genome variation → protein → phenotype over the life course also means that reverse causality and effect dilution are overcome in genetic studies.
These include chance, selection bias, confounding, effect of the cancer on 25-OHD levels ("reverse causality"), and effect of serum 25-OHD levels on survival.
Since no firm conclusions regarding causality and effect size should be drawn from observational data, intervention trials are needed to properly investigate these issues.
A cross-sectional design does not contribute to clarification on causality and effect, but fuels speculation that low levels of vitamin D might be a risk marker of development or progression of both diabetic nephropathy and/or retinopathy.
Another limitation lies in the cross-sectional design of the study; this design generally does not allow conclusions to be drawn about causality and effect of the observed associations between QoL and the examined factors.
Time travel paradoxes are thought experiments illustrating violations of causality (cause and effect).
But electoral rules are endogenous as they originate in the decision making process of voters and parties, making empirical analyses vulnerable to reverse causality and contamination effects.
Specifically, the focus is on why psychoanalysis devotes so much attention to the concept of the unconscious, as well as how psychoanalysis theorizes causality and psychological effects.
Comparison across geographic regions is also important in demonstrating causality and how effects estimated from one location can be generalized to others.
21, 22, 27 For example, by manipulating the belief of causality while controlling for all other variables, Buehner and Humphreys 21 demonstrated that perceived causality between action and effect is sufficient for temporal compression.
He says animal models could demonstrate causality between exposure and effect, with the caveats that lung growth differs among species, and such studies are expensive and complex.
