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Discover LudwigThere is not enough context to determine if "causal without" is a correct or usable phrase in written English
It could potentially be used in a sentence such as, "The study found a connection between smoking and lung cancer, suggesting that smoking is a causal factor without other significant variables at play." However, it would depend on the specific meaning and intention of the phrase in your particular sentence.
Exact(5)
In another interpretation, functional explanations could be causal without being teleological (chlorophyll pigment exists today because it has been performing the useful function of photosynthesis in the all the past instances).
Our interpretations may be limited by the cross-sectional nature of the study; we cannot infer the differences or relationships observed are causal without appropriate longitudinal data in our population.
Therefore using GWAS, especially in gene-dense regions, one cannot usually make conclusive judgements about which gene(s) is causal without further sequencing or functional analysis.
We used univariate analysis that adjusted for age and sex to explore possible risk factors for hospitalization with H7N9; interactions effects were not assessed and the estimated odds ratios and RRs might be confounded by other unmeasured confounders; as such, these risk factors should not be considered to be causal without further validation.
We recognize that our secondary data analysis has the following limitations that call for future studies to fully address them: First, because of its cross-sectional design, the observed association between increased WBC count and estimated 1-year PM10 exposure before the laboratory examination cannot be interpreted as definitely causal without any caution.
Similar(55)
Risk factors identified by epidemiological studies cannot be treated as causal agents without independent evidence.
Acharya, Adivit, Matthew Blackwell, and Maya Sen. "Explaining Causal Findings Without Bias: Detecting and Assessing Direct Effects". HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP15-064, October 2015.
Acharya, Avidit, Matthew Blackwell, and Maya Sen. "Explaining Causal Findings Without Bias: Detecting and Assessing Direct Effects". The American Political Science Review 110.3 (August 2016).
There remains the question of how to determine the scope of defendant´s liability taking into account all the different factors (albedo, El Nino, sun spots, natural climate variability) that possibly may have had influence on the causal chain (without interrupting it).
Quasi-experimental designs are gaining popularity in epidemiology and health systems research in particular for the evaluation of health care practice, programs, and policy because they allow strong causal inferences without randomized controlled experiments.
This justifies the assumption of a compressive and causal scenario without loss of generality.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com