Our nomenclature of 'protection' and 'vulnerability' genes should be interpreted with a grain of salt, since carefully designed validation studies are needed to show a causal relationship implied by the terminology.
In Locke's empiricist version of this philosophy, if we could (per impossibile) penetrate into the inner microscopic constitution of bodies (their "real essences"), we would know without experience (in Locke's terminology, "without Trial") the causal connections among bodies.
To note some additional terminology, it is often said that causal theories of mental content attempt to naturalize non-natural, non-derived meaning.
We should mention that, in this literature review, we transcribe terminology employed by authors which reflects causal relationships even if cross-sectional databases are used or some endogeneity might be at play.
The current design of this study allows us only to infer the existence of a causal relationship – the differential treatment of medical and lay terminology suggests that the shift in language is creating a shift in perception.
In the econometric terminology, it will be challenging to isolate or identify the causal effect of s 2, ∂θ 2/∂s 2. If research cannot achieve such identification, then no evidence-based policy on school inputs is feasible.
Obviously, since the causes of intrauterine as well as permanent growth impairment are often unknown, the terminology used to define these children is descriptive rather than causal [ 1].
Before describing in detail the causal reasoning process and its application in two specific example datasets we define the terminology used in the rest of this work.
There are several possible explanations for sequential tool use that do not invoke goal-directed behaviour, planning, causal understanding, or analogical reasoning (for a discussion of the conceptual issues surrounding this terminology, see [3]).
