Sentence examples for causal situations from inspiring English sources

The methods are illustrated with some application examples covering different causal situations.

Finally, Berkovitz (2002) argues that Arntzenius's argument for the impossibility of relativistic theories that violate PI is based on assumptions about probabilities that are common in linear causal situations but are unwarranted in causal loops, and that the real challenge for these theories is that in such loops their predictive power is undermined (for more details, see section 10.3).

Berkovitz (1998b, section 3.2, 2002, section 4) argues that Arntzenius's line of reasoning fails because it is based on untenable assumptions about the nature of probabilities in closed causal loops assumptions that are very natural in linear causal situations (where effects do not cause their causes), but untenable in causal loops.

We will also discuss possible extensions of this model to deal with a broader range of causal situations.

We also discuss possible extensions of this model to deal with a broader range of causal situations.

In other words, these models are not statistically "identifiable" and multiple causal situations represented by different DAGs can map to a single set of independence assumptions.

Every causal situation develops as it does as a result of the presence of positive factors alone".

On the other hand, the antirealist will have to explain how one can account for such causal talk while holding on to the view that every causal situation develops from "positive factors alone" [Armstrong 1999].

But the upshot of the present discussion is that even in those cases, whether an outcome happens by chance is fixed by the properties of the process leading up to it, the causal situation in which it occurs, and not simply by the fact that an event of a given character was the product of that process.[3] Do chances exist?

It is not possible to determine whether this lack of association is due to a too-small sample size or actually mirrors a non-causal situation; however, the (non-significant) calculated estimates did not indicate the possibility of a major effect.

For many women, condom protocol varies based on how serious the relationship is, and a prolonged causal-sex situation can transition into regular unprotected sex, presumably once both parties are tested.