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Copying is quite obviously a causal phenomenon, but not any old causal connection will do.
Certainly, the relationship between Pvc-aCO2 and microcirculation should not be interpreted as a causal phenomenon.
To consider this relationship (Equation 3) as a causal phenomenon requiresaccounting for the endogeneity of the decision of migration, the effects of migration onthe educational attainment of the native labor force, and the skill level of theimmigrants relative to native workers.
However, impaired villous microcirculation has been advocated as the causal phenomenon in the latter [ 33].
This study was not able to determine whether increased SWA in MDD is a causal phenomenon for the disorder or an epiphenomenon resulting from chronic sleep disruption associated with the illness.
As mentioned by Dubin and coworkers [ 1], impaired villous microcirculation has been suggested [ 6] to be the causal phenomenon in cytopathic hypoxia [ 5], a situation in which intramucosal acidosis should theoretically arise with preserved tissue perfusion.
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Following Simkin et al. (2001), we use 12 fatality causes to explore the spread of fatalities across different causal phenomena; these are defined in Table 1.
Typically, queue dynamics are modelled as deterministic, causal phenomena, and under rather limiting assumptions; however, especially in urban networks, these are far from being deterministic or certain.
In addition, mathematical explanation plays a role in theorizing about mathematical coincidences (Lange 2009b, Baker 2009a and 2009c), an interesting area of metaphysical investigation that had already been investigated in the context of causal phenomena (see Owens 1992).
"The econometric exercise is robust, though it accounts more for correlations than real causal phenomena," Nicolas Carayol, a professor of economics at the University of Bordeaux in France, writes in an e-mail to Science Careers.
In order to answer questions about complex causal phenomena, epidemiologists are encouraged to find the 'middle ground' between traditional epidemiological inquiry, and the abstract mental models found in the social sciences (Marshall and Galea 2014; Hernán 2015).
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