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Hence the gravity exerted on a moving body is an action (the Latin term is actio), which is obviously a causal notion.
If this objection succeeds, it still leaves open the possibility that an alternative notion of natural information, such as a causal notion, could be used (as discussed in section 3.5).
Even if the notion of an intervention presupposes some causal notion such as some notion of type causation, it may be that we can use it to characterize other causal notions.
The standard response to this objection starts by pointing out that the function of a trait is what that type of trait was selected for and that the notion of selection for is a causal notion (Sterelny 1990, Millikan 1991).
In reply Abelard clearly draws a distinction between two semantic properties names possess: reference (nominatio), a matter of what the term applies to; and sense (significatio), a matter of what hearing the term brings to mind, or more exactly the informational content (doctrina) of the concept the word is meant to give rise to, a causal notion.
A second respect in which reliance on the notion of an intervention need not be thought of as introducing a vicious circularity is this: So far, I have been following von Wright and Menzies and Price in assuming that there is just one causal notion or locution (A causes B, where A and B are types of events) that we are trying to analyze.
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Although originally presented in informal terms, this theory is closely related to recent deontic logic (in some cases in combination with suitable causal notions).
Unfortunately, it proved very difficult to reconstruct causal notions in statistical terms, and by the 1980s most philosophers had abandoned the attempt as hopeless.
In his view, the causal notions to which Aristotle appeals allow him to articulate and defend the special causal status we assign to the moral agent, without locating such agency outside the natural world.
Secondly, a theory is required of how causal notions should function in different contexts.
As to probability, each of the nomological, statistical, counterfactual, and agential versions of the theory might be thought to harbor causal notions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com