If the relation is causal, the morbidity associated with headache should be considered when estimating the burden of illness and costs associated with poor air quality.
If this association proves to be causal, the morbidity from headache should be included when estimating the illness burden and economic costs of air pollution, and recommending that headache sufferers remain indoors on days with high air pollution levels may reduce morbidity.
There can be no doubt that the accurate counting and causal attribution of morbidity and mortality provide technical information that is essential for public health planning, evaluation, and improvement in program performance.
It is also an obesity index whose causal relationship with morbidity and mortality has been well established.
The list of candidates includes other viruses like Coxsackieviruses as well as bacteria; however, CMV remains of major interest because of possible dose effects described above as well as biologic plausibility [ 19, 20], which raise the possibility that CMV might be causal for increased morbidity and mortality.
On these bases, the American Heart Association delivered a scientific statement concluding that the overall evidence is consistent with PM playing a causal role in cardiac morbidity and mortality (Brook et al. 2010).
The contemporary literature discusses the interplay of risk factors such as personal and family psychiatric history, gender, ethnicity, and type of trauma [ 22, 27] and hypothesises on causal pathways and co-morbidity with other Axis I diagnoses including psychotic-based illnesses [ 16].
Although BC accounts for most DEPs by mass, BC may be serving as a surrogate for another DEP component that is a causal risk factor for respiratory morbidity.
Good reliable data on infection, morbidity, and indisputable causal links between them, are urgently needed to make the public health argument for a guided response against S. stercoralis [ 7].
21– 23 Current replacement regimes with their relatively constant glucocorticoid receptor occupancy and consequent abnormal glucocorticoid-dependent gene transcription undoubtedly contribute to glucocorticoid side effects and may even be a causal factor for the excessive morbidity and mortality of patients on glucocorticoid replacement.
There are few publications with ideal study design to establish the causal relationship between CS and maternal morbidity and mortality [ 17, 19, 20].
