There is a growing awareness that these might not be the causal variants and that the causal variants may have a very different allele distribution in patients and controls.
In addition, the same causal mechanism may have different outcomes in different contexts while different causal mechanisms and multiple causes for the same effect may be at play in the same context.
As noted by Yang et al. (34), heritability estimates obtained via the use of GWAS SNPs are likely underestimates of the true heritability due to common variation because of incomplete LD between causal variants and available SNPs and the fact that causal variants may have lower MAF when compared with all other SNPs examined.
Upon comparison of alternative proposals regarding what causal processes may have led to the array of observations as we see them, we conclude that the case fora causal association is weak and strains biological plausibility.
As concluded by Rhomberg et al.," Upon comparison of alternative proposals regarding what causal processes may have led to the array of observations as we see them, we conclude that the case for a causal association is weak and strains biological plausibility.
Taken together, then, the results of Brown and Dunn (1996) and Salmon et al. (2013) suggest that children's causal talk may have a unique role in the development of emotional competence.
Clearly the structure of this sort of argument requires some characterization of the essence of the physical, in contrast to the mental, and Davidson's strong commitment to causal closure may have led to its invocation here, due to a lack of alternatives.
Consequently, disorders involving TNF are more likely to overlap than other diseases whose causal genes may have only few associations.
Several SNPs within TARs are associated with the expression of lipid metabolism genes, suggesting that causal effects may have a regulatory basis.
However, no association with personal PM2.5 mass was found, suggesting that traffic-related causal components may have been better represented by black carbon than by particle mass.
