An important concern is whether alpha oscillations shape perception, i.e. play a causal role for illusions or whether alpha oscillations represent neuronal processing without a causal role.
Minds give us the illusion of existing as fixed, orderly causal devices, when in fact they aren't.
He draws on influential work by Libet (1985, 2001, 2004) and others to argue that conscious intending is itself a product of nonconscious processes that themselves do the real causal work, so that free will is "an illusion".
This has generally been interpreted as a lack of motivation of depressive participants to make use of the self-service mechanism that leads to the illusion of control (or vice versa, a weaker susceptibility to the illusion of control being part of the causal chain leading to depression, see Alloy & Abramson, 1979; Alloy et al., 1985).
Specifically, using occipital oscillatory entrainment via tACS, we provide causal evidence that the temporal window of integration yielding the illusion is individually set by the frequency of occipital oscillations in the alpha band.
In his Questions on Aristotle's Metaphysics II.1, for instance, Buridan discusses various skeptical challenges, including sensory illusion, dream skepticism, skepticism about induction, and Autrecourt's causal skepticism.
To test the causal inference model, we use a laboratory version of the ventriloquist illusion, in which brief auditory and visual stimuli are presented simultaneously with varying amounts of spatial disparity.
If this was the case, their lower wages are a mere statistical illusion that reflects an omitted variable problem rather than a causal relationship between language ability and earnings.
What Alloy et al. (1985) found was that the illusion of control appeared when participants were asked about the causal relationship between their behavior and an outcome, and not when asked about the predictive relationship between external events.
