For a variety of reasons this approach is fraught with problems, and the reasons explain why philosophers of science mostly prefer to drop the word "causal" from their discussions of determinism.
See Dowe (2009) and the entry on Causal Processes for discussion of some of the issues involved in identifying causation with the transfer of energy or momentum.
In a series of simulation and experimental tests, the proposed strategy approaches the acausal optimum and significantly improves performance if compared to a baseline causal policy; the discussion also encompasses the sensitivity of the results to the requested information.
Finally, in two cases, the TS alleles complemented deletion alleles for all candidate genes (J. Lowry, unpublished data), indicating that in some cases additional analysis will be needed to identify causal mutations (see Discussion).
Indeed, the condition E∐ D e | C for ∀ e is a sufficient condition to estimate effect measures in observational studies by adjusting for confounding bias, and the assumption of exchangeability often gets most of the attention in discussions about causal inference [ 44].
For a general discussion of causal determinism, see Hoefer (2003).
It is in this context that we take up a discussion around causal inferences and ILSAs.
We question this assertion of a causal link through a discussion of methodological limitations inherent in their article.
It is in this context that we take up a discussion around causal inferences and international large-scale assessments (ILSAs).
To advance the discussion, the causal relationship between the microseismicity and phase transition needs to be investigated.
