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Beyond the question of determining commonality amongst liquidity measures in the Canadian market, we are also interested in establishing a causal directional relationship between measures of liquidity and volatility, both on the exchange, and between the OTC market and the exchange.
Regression analyses were not undertaken in this article because a causal, directional relationship between layering and cell differentiation was not assumed.
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More speculatively, generating instruments from within the data and performing split-sample or jackknife IV analysis, including bi-directional analysis, could allow resolution of causal direction within networks of phenotypes, without advance specification of which exposure or outcome is being examined (67).
The causal direction of the different conditions is often very difficult to establish, possibly due to bi-directional relationships between insomnia and other disorders.
Causal direction.
The cross-sectional design does not allow causal or directional inferences.
In the following, this causal and directional influence as quantified by motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) is referred to as 'effective connectivity' (Friston, 1994).
If the link between hearing loss and cognitive decline is both causal and directional, improving hearing through audiologic rehabilitation strategies such as hearing aids or cochlear implants could mitigate the cognitive decline associated with sensory degradation and trajectories associated with advancing age.
Notably, the current protocol of repetitive paired-pulse TMS has been shown to induce a causal and directional change of influence of the first brain region (ventral premotor cortex: PMv) over the anatomically connected second region (M1) (Buch et al., 2011).
Subsequent experimental validations demonstrated a directional causal relationship from miRNAs to mRNAs.
Causal edges are directional cause-effect relationships between biological entities as reported in the scientific literature.
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