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First, however, we discuss an important distinction between causal description and causal explanation.
A causal description of the process cannot be attained; we have to content ourselves with complementary descriptions.
So, where Bohr identified the causal description with the conservation of energy, Heisenberg saw it as the deterministic evolution of Schrödinger's ψ-function.
One reply to the multiple realization objection from this perspective explicitly argues for token-token reduction, discussing how the causal description of a token mechanism explains (Delehanty 2005).
Israel Stewart theory is a stable and causal description of dissipation in relativistic hydrodynamics although it includes relaxation process with the timescale for collision of constituent particles, which introduces stiff equations and makes practical numerical calculation difficult.
The transition from a causal description in terms of the evolution of the ψ-function to a classical space-time description is characterized by the discontinuous change that occurs by the act of measurement.
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The last candidates, rigidified metalinguistic and causal descriptions, are the most promising.
Disadvantages include lack of detailed clinical information and absence of causal descriptions.
For many policy makers, understanding the mechanism is often of less importance whereas researchers are more likely to value uncovering the specific causal mechanisms or explanations that underlie causal descriptions.
Finally, regardless of whether subjects are randomized, it is important to recognize the narrow focus of most research studies that aim at making causal inferences as well as the critical difference between causal descriptions and explanations.
Another approach to elucidating the role of genes and DNA is to replace loose information talk with concrete causal descriptions grounded in an explicit understanding of causation (Waters 2000, and forthcoming).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com