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She can be read as insisting that an adequate account of causation must be applicable in all causal contexts.
A richer account of top-down causation (or constitutional relations) is definitely needed, and importantly, body-external causes and causal contexts need to be acknowledged to a greater degree both by researchers and in research communication to avoid fostering an overly simplified understanding of disease causation.
That assumption becomes progressively more tenuous as N increases because it becomes increasingly likely that some cases are embedded in different causal contexts than are other cases.
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Science can avail itself of causes as difference makers relative to a given causal context (Waters 2007, Woodward 2003).
'Root cause' is not a well-defined concept, and I will suggest describing it in relation to what has been the normal causal context for a longer period of time.
But the most important point here is that Itza' and experts use a completely different kind of reasoning for biological induction: they preferentially use causal, context-sensitive, ecological connections as a guide for induction.
No doubt they would counter that extreme views serve to prompt and justify terrorism, and thus provide an important causal context for its occurrence.
Thus the linear integration rule leads to problems of coherence when extrapolating the results of a causal inference to a novel causal context (Cheng, Novick, Liljeholm, & Ford, 2007; Liljeholm & Cheng, 2007).
Coded categories were specified into subcategories by identifying causal conditions, contexts, actions or consequences to build interconnections between categories.
Higher-order properties and facts are widely invoked in all kinds of causal-explanatory contexts where we don't simply dismiss them as epiphenomenal causal irrelevancies.
Moreover, when so reformulated, the theory may be extended readily to capture causal claims in contexts in which human manipulation is impossible.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com