For the arguer from hallucination can adopt a different strategy by adopting a modified causal principle: Causal Principle 2: an event e1 is of the same kind K as an event e2 if event e1 is produced by the same kind of proximate causal condition as e2 in circumstances that do not differ in any non-causal conditions necessary for the occurrence of an event of kind K (Nudds 2009: 337).
The shared denominator between the three different circumstances appears to be the imbalance between intrasinusal and external air pressure which could be considered, therefore, as the common causal condition.
That is, when is a theory sufficiently well developed that its categorization scheme is indeed based not on coincidences but on causal links between circumstances, action, and results?
And providing an explanation requires, most basically, an account of the causal mechanisms, background circumstances, and human choices that brought the outcome about.
Finally, there is luck in the way one's actions are determined by antecedent circumstances (antecedent causal luck).
In those circumstances, definitive causal hypothesis testing would require a study that uses prospective cohort design.
Data are consistent with a causal interpretation in those circumstances where significant injury has clearly preceded the development of osteoarthritis.
We scrutinise each report to establish its causal relationship and the circumstances of poisoning, considering factors such as whether the toxicity was dose related or due to inappropriate use.
Second, although the focus of this paper was on labour market disadvantage, we found that educational qualification and functional limitations may be additional intermediate factors on the causal chain linking childhood circumstances and quality of life at older ages.
We develop a novel general population microsimulation model of the causal pathways linking early life circumstances and skills formation to diverse later life outcomes, based on quasi-experimental evidence and recent longitudinal UK survey data (Millennium Cohort Study 2000-14, 2000-14, Understanding Society 2011).
