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For 2 AEs, the second reviewer did not fill out any causes, for 2 other AEs, the first reviewer identified patient-related causes and the second reviewer selected the causal category 'not to be determined/other'.
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The attempt to assimilate the causal categories to modal categories is a mistake.
The admissions were then reviewed and root causes allocated under six causal categories.
For two AEs there was complete agreement between the reviewers in the selected causal categories.
They had the option to choose from five main causal categories: technical, organisational, human, patient-related and other causes.
No κ-statistic could be calculated for the inter-reliability of this judgement since there were not enough AEs in relation to the number of causal categories.
The causes of maternal [ 29] and newborn [ 30] mortality were adapted from the South African Medical Research Council Burden of Disease BODD) estimates to fit the causal categories provided by LiST.
High-mortality settings require broad causal categories which can be distinguished through simple clinical observations or even through verbal autopsy and which are programmatically relevant in that they identify conditions associated with large numbers of deaths.
The causes of maternal, newborn and child mortality used were adapted from the South African Medial Research Council Burden of Disease unit estimates to fit the causal categories provided by LiST (9, 26), see Fig. 1.
This approach is consistent with recent recommendations of the authors of The Lancet's Stillbirths series, who advocate a consensus "on a limited number of programmatically relevant, comparable causal categories,… that can be linked to complex classification systems and ICD codes" [ 23].
Excluding the obvious outliers for 0% in the causal conjunctions category, the median percentage for frequency of use in all categories is.245% with a range from.17%to.31%%.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com