First, it used cross-sectional data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, which do not permit one to draw causal associations between HIV status and the associated factors.
First, this study used cross-sectional data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, which do not permit one to draw causal associations between HIV status and the associated factors.
23 This method showed promise, but detection bias arising from immunisation given as part of a medical visit would imply causal associations between immunisation and diseases that could, in reality, primarily be associated with the medical screening procedure.
By considering the causal associations between BN nodes, the weight should be measured through the correlation of the nodes.
However, causal associations between the serum ferritin level and clinical factors that influence serum ferritin level are not well characterized.
Record linkage can also lead to the exploratory or confirmatory analysis of possible causal associations between the outcomes in question and various micro-macro characteristics of the individual and his/her environment.
Numerous reports suggested causal associations between quantities of antibiotic used and the development of resistance with hospital-wide or nationwide data [25], [26].
Thus, we encourage similar studies in diverse geographical areas to increase understanding of the impacts of weather on HFMD cases, as well as studies to establish the causal associations between meteorological determinants and pathways of HFMD infection.
Critical evaluation of small-scale site-specific variability in growth conditions and plant size (as we conducted here) is crucial to predict causal associations between a defensive plant trait and its efficiency in herbivore deterrence under natural conditions.
In addition, causal associations between women's empowerment and male accompaniment to ANC cannot be inferred.
The cross-sectional design does not allow any conclusions on causal associations between the measured variables.
