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According to Nadler, the critical link is divine causal activity, which was the paradigmatic case of causality for the occasionalists in question.
Other interpreters, such as Griffel as well as Perler and Rudolph, have argued that al-Ghazālī leaves open the possibility that God's causal activity is consistent with some form of genuine secondary causality, on the condition that the secondary causation in question is not of the type espoused by the falâsifa (Griffel 2007; Perler & Rudolph 2000, 75 77).
For instance, philosophers came to question how divine causal activity is to be understood, particularly, in relation to the natural causality of creatures.
Unlike second causes, God's causal activity meets all three conditions.
At the other end is occasionalism, where divine causal activity is maximal and creaturely causal activity is non-existent, since divine causal activity is the only type of genuine causality.
In an essentially ordered series, by contrast, the causal activity of later members of the series depends essentially on the causal activity of earlier members.
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Unless Leibniz indicates otherwise, it is a mistake to equate causal power, activity, or efficacy with productive or efficient causality.
KAF156 was active only against developing liver stages, in agreement with the known causal prophylactic activity of members of these series, such as GNF179 (16).
What grounds the causal power, activity, and autonomy of creatures?
Furthermore, the actual origins of blood plasma metabolites, e.g. in terms of measured cell types or causal tissue activity, still remain to be unraveled.
Additional single-indicator models permitted even closer parallels to causal neurological activity but this is not the place to discuss how the brain functions, or to explicate the statistical details of how causal-loops function, so we must be satisfied with referring the reader to Hayduk ([ 37], [16] Chapter 3) for further discussion of the theory in the Figure 5 model.
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