Assuming that these morphological syndromes – relatively larger head and smaller caudal peduncle versus relatively smaller head and larger caudal peduncle – represent adaptive peaks in this system, our results suggest the possibility that allometry prevented populations from attaining these optimal body shapes.
Coombs [1] briefly discussed ossified tendons in ankylosaurids, and suggested that caudal ossified tendons represented M. iliocaudalis, M. caudofemoralis, and various intrinsic axial muscles.
A recent influential model posits spatially distributed layers of such control, including stimulus response mappings in premotor cortex that are modulated by contextual control processes that are represented in caudal lateral prefrontal cortex (Koechlin et al. 2003).
Given a time-ordered set of tissue samples, we used a kymograph, with position along the rostro-caudal axis and time represented on the x and y axes, respectively, and averaged fluorescence intensity represented by colour, to analyse spatiotemporal dynamics.
Some authors believe that type 1 and type 2 caudal regression actually represent two distinct entities [11].
The sacrum and coccyx develop last at about 31 days of gestation [5] from a large aggregate of undifferentiated cells (caudal cell mass) representing remnants of the primitive streak.
Caudal regression syndrome represents a spectrum congenital malformations ranging from agenesis of the lumbosacral spine to the most severe cases of sirenomelia with lower extremity fusion and major vessel anomalies.
AMNH 5245 includes the knob, some of the handle, and two anterior free caudals which may represent the first and second free caudals.
In this model, the perirhinal cortex represents conjunctions of stimulus features, and the features are, themselves, represented in more caudal brain regions (e.g., areas V4 and TEO in the monkey).
Using this task, the present results and our previous study (Shichinohe et al. 2009) have revealed differences in the signals represented in the caudal FEF and SEF and in the effects of chemical inactivation of the 2 regions.
