Together, these results from KLEE suggest that different types of herbivores (cattle, medium-sized wild herbivores, and mega-herbivores) interact in complex ways with glades.
Herd size of cattle (small, medium and large) and farm yard (cattle kept indoors or outdoors).
The livestock systems modelled for the Woodland and Savanna biomes included unfenced traditional small-scale livestock keeping on open access communal land, unfenced cattle posts, medium-scale ranching on partially exclusive communal land and fenced commercial medium- to large-scale ranching (breeding and rearing) on fully exclusive commercial land.
General polygyny prevails; bride-price is required, with cattle the preferred medium of exchange.
Extensive cattle ranching, with medium levels of capital and labour intensity, with land held and central services operated by a governmental agency.
The 1000 bull genome project [ 15] aims at sequencing a number of key ancestor bulls in the beef and dairy cattle population at medium coverage.
This is supported by a genome wide association study (GWAS) that has been published on milk FAs in Dutch dairy cattle showing that medium chain and unsaturated FA are strongly influenced by DGAT and SCD respectively, but other regions also showed significant association [ 9].
Cattle were once the medium of exchange, but during the 20th century cash became significant.
Furthermore, smallholders tend to maintain higher cattle stocking rates than medium- and large-scale landholders, which tend to adopt extensive systems of cattle production.
Furthermore, while the human birth sex ratio is male-biased [28] human in vitro raised embryos are more male-biased [e.g. 29], as in other mammal species [e.g.30] which has been attributed to glucose in the culture medium in cattle [25], [31].
Cattle were housed in medium security accommodation at two facilities: VLA Weybridge and ADAS Drayton.
