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These regions contain a number of immune-related and imprinted genes (CD14, HSPA9 and PCDH family) previously identified to be under selection, and associated with cattle fertility (SPOCK).
In dairy cattle, fertility during the corresponding period is lowest, and a negative energy balance during the first weeks after the calving has been shown to be one of the most important reasons for the poor fertility [ 30, 31].
However, because Chlamydophila spp. infection rates seem to differ throughout the world, it is essential to clarify the relative importance of transmission of the infection through semen on cattle fertility.
In cattle, fertility has been improved by supplemental administration of vitamin E and Se as shown by [ 2], while others have not found association between herd Se concentrations and fertility parameters [ 28, 16].
Thus the consequences of the SUGT1 mutation on cattle fertility are less pronounced than, e.g., of a mutation in UMPS that leads to embryonic mortality at ~ day 40 of gestation [ 32].
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BVD is an important production disease in cattle, associated with fertility disorders and production loss.
Future work will include variant selection, aided by bioinformatic analysis, followed by genotyping on a large panel of cattle with detailed fertility information.
Numerous studies have led to the conclusion that in female cattle with normal fertility the incidence of fertilisation failure is approximately 10% and early embryonic death within 3 weeks following fertilisation accounts for approx. 30% leading to a total early pregnancy loss of close to 40% during the first 21 days post AI [ 27].
Hence, the use of cattle dung for soil fertility improvement was limited.
Neospora caninum is a parasite of the Apicomplexa phylum responsible for abortion and losses of fertility in cattle.
Besides using of cattle dung for soil fertility improvement and agricultural productivity, it used to reduce foreign currency spending on importing chemical fertilizer from abroad.
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