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The measurements are carried out online using hollow cathode lamp based absorption spectroscopy technique and also intrusively by deposition method.
Wavelength calibration and locking are implemented by using optogalvanic (OG) spectroscopy in a Na hollow cathode lamp (HCL) in conjunction with a digital control software.
In this paper, ionic titanium densities are also estimated thanks to a pulsed hollow cathode lamp used as optical source for absorption measurements.
Optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS) was adopted for measuring Zn densities, for which a hollow cathode lamp was used as a source light of a 213.9 nm line, which was selected to measure absorption coefficients and to calculate the ground state densities of Zn atoms.
The working parameters of arsenic-hollow cathode lamp were adjusted according to the manufacturer instructions.
A beryllium hollow cathode lamp (Varian, Part No. 5610100500) was used as a light source.
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Other examples are hollow cathode lamps and electrodeless lamps driven by microwave radiation.
All ion determinations were carried out with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PG Instruments, England) with an air-acetylene flame equipped with PG instrument hallow cathode lamps.
Concentrations of iron (Fe), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were measured using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer FAASS) Model 240 FS AA with Single Element Ultra AA Hollow Cathode Lamps.
The absorbance was obtained by adjusting the cathode lamps at the operation conditions shown in Table 2 as previously described by El-Bahr and Abdelghany (2015).
The metal content (viz. Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg) of the sample extract was analyzed through Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS, Aanalyst 200, Perkin Elmer, USA) using respective hollow cathode lamps (HCL, Perkin Elmer).
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