Monkey data have shown that neurons in prefrontal cortex respond selectively to members of a learned category, irrespective of within category variations [18].
Although we showed that within the umbrella ASC category, variations in current and historical language were associated with differences in neuroanatomy, such variability should not be interpreted as implying that there are completely distinct subgroups.
Higher fatigue score categories were associated with significant reductions in the amount of sleep obtained before shifts, but there was substantial within-category variation.
In this representation we are able to see a large degree of separation of the topic clusters, while also revealing the analog within-category variation in abstract similarity.
All of these vocal cues potentially provide useful information to the receiver whenever variation between categories is larger than the within-category variation.
It should, however, be noted that within these categories, variation exists between individual initiatives with regard to various characteristics (e.g. target population, initiator, screening instruments, scale), according to the local context in which the individual initiative is offered.
In supermarkets, each product was nested by product category (135 categories in our data), and hence, our product-level data set had a 2-level structure (i.e., between-category and within-category variations in healthiness).
These fall into three general categories: variations and alternatives to permutation testing [ 14, 15], principal components analysis [ 13, 16- 18], and analysis of the underlying LD structure in the genome [ 19- 21].
The distributions of variations are shown in the form of a histogram and show the percentages of each category of variations before and after variation filtering.
