From a clinical perspective, the present work provides a framework for understanding an important category of symptoms that has been under-emphasized in neurodegenerative disease.
Within each category of symptoms, multiple symptoms were associated with any PFT abnormality but no single symptom resulted in AUC > 0.63, indicating that individual pulmonary symptoms alone were generally poor predictors of PFT abnormalities.
This suggests that there is a group of refugees who exhibit pervasive distress across symptom types, rather than being characterized by a particular diagnostic category of symptoms such as PTSD or PGD.
Within each category of symptoms, frequent cough, chronic phlegm, frequent wheezing, and breathlessness after 100 yards of level walking demonstrated the highest AUCs for predicting abnormal PFTs and were used in subsequent multivariable modeling.
Among those individuals, besides musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory diseases and symptoms, the most common sick-leave diagnoses were in the category of symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions (Chapter XVI). 1 See Table 1 for explanation of ICD-8 Chapters I-XVIII.
The results indicate that in all cases, minimum average increases of between 0.6 and 3.0 points in the average score for each category of symptoms would have to exist in order to detect a difference with a power of 90% (Table 4).
The objective of this study was to establish categories of symptom severity based on Incontinence Symptom Index (ISI) scores and to show how these categories are associated with urethral function and support.
In fact, the cut-off points set to separate categories of symptom severity fully agree with those set for the HAM-A and HADS scales.
The face and content validity of BDI as a measure for depression has long been established by consensus among clinicians [ 12] and it has been shown that the BDI items are consistent with six of the nine Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Edition III (DSM-III) categories of symptom clusters of depression [ 25].
