Table 1 lists the characteristics of the study participants by categories of milk intake.
Table 2 shows the age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted RR for ovarian cancer according to categories of milk, yoghurt, or cheese consumption.
There were generally small differences between categories of milk intake in body stature, nutritional supplement use, marital status, comorbidity, educational level, smoking status, and physical activity level.
With increasing categories of milk intake the reported intake for most other nutrients, including energy intake, also increased, although alcohol intake tended to decrease.
21 Maternal intake of milk and dairy was found to be related to excessive GWG in two study populations; 8 9 also, in the DNBC, GWG increased univariately across categories of milk consumption.
To assess the influence of competing events, we compared cumulative incidence curves for hip fracture, treating death from all causes as competing event, with the Kaplan-Meier curves for hip fracture by categories of milk intake.
We used Cox proportional hazards regression for estimation of age adjusted and multivariable adjusted hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for prespecified categories of milk intake (<200, 200-399, 400-599, and ≥600 g/d) and for continuous milk intake for each 200 g/d, corresponding to one glass of milk.
Two of the diet variables available in the UKHLS type of milk usually consumed and type of bread usually consumed were found to have no overall significant association with BMI or percentage body fat, although some categories of milk type were significantly associated with BMI.
In addition, negative and significant correlations were also observed in the categories of milk (whole) (MWF), cheese (CHF), and butter and ghee (BGF), with Spearman coefficients of − 0.35 in males and −0.29 in females,−0.40 in males and −0.42 in females, and −0.36 in males and −0.44 in females, respectively.
