"Had the water levels been just a little bit higher, we could have jumped into a much bigger category of damage".
Table 1 Relation of damage category and limiting tensile strain, according to Boscardin and Cording (1989) Category of damage Degree of severity Limiting strain 0 Negligible 0−0.05 1 Very slight 0.05−0.075 2 Slight 0.075−0.15 3 Moderate 0.15−0.3 4 Severe ≥0.3.
The score of all leaves was used to calculate an individual index of herbivory, IH = Σ nC0 4 N−1; where C is the category of damage, n is the number of leaves in the Cth category, and N is the number of leaves sampled (five, in this case) [60].
The effects of four categories of damage modes, such as fatigue compression loading (Mode F), freeze-thaw cycling (Mode FT), fatigue compression loading followed by freeze-thaw cycling (Mode F-FT), and freeze-thaw cycling followed by fatigue compression loading (Mode FT-F), on the dynamic compressive strength of concrete were investigated systematically.
We assessed the presence or absence of different categories of damage on each leaf, divided into seven categories: 1) leaf mines, 2) necrosis spots, 3) bite damage, 4) discolouration/wilting, 5) curled leaves, 6) fungus, and 7) scale insects.
Each of the five leaves was assigned to one of the following categories of damage, based on visual inspection of leaf area removed: 0, no damage; 1, less than 25% damage; 2, from 25% to 50% damage; 3, from 50% to 75% damage; and 4, damage above 75%.
Additional File 1 classifies macrofossils according to these categories of damage and multiple haplotypes per sample.
For instance, a damage factor of 400 would represent the category of "Heavy" damage to buildings for all case studies, except the 2011 Christchurch earthquake that showed a damage factor of 9 for complete collapse.
And in the real world, there are usually multiple categories of damages.
Taking into account the weakness in Portuguese wildfire impacts reporting process, it is proposed a checklist of categories of damages and losses to support future data acquisition.
As the category of earthquake damage includes all the phenomena related to the direct and indirect damages, the Egyptian authorities do a great effort to mitigate the earthquake disasters.
