Their artistic expression was thereby categorized less as achievement than as natural display; consequently the expression of feeling in women's art was often seen as a manifestation of temperament, while strong feelings expressed in the work of men were interpreted as emotions conveyed with mastery and control.
The same effect was observed with dogs that were categorized less accurately at the basic than at the superordinate level (94.7% vs. 96.8%; χ2, p<0.05; paired t-test, p = 0.014, t = 2.723).
Painful crises were defined as presence of bony pains requiring opioid analgesics for relief, and categorized (less than or equal to 3 episodes per year or greater than 3 episodes for the year).
Because the features distinguishing members of many groups (such as age, race, and sex) are so obvious, little is known about the human capacity to perceive and categorize less obvious group members.
(derived from education variable by categorizing less than high school vs. all others) Do you own a car?
(derived from education variable by categorizing less than high school vs. all others) Instrumental activities of daily living Because of a physical, mental, or emotional problem, do you need the help of other persons in handling routine needs such as everyday household chores, doing necessary business, shopping, or getting around for other purposes?
Income level was derived from reported household pre-tax earnings from all sources within the past year and categorized as less than $20,000, $20,000 to less than $50,000 and equal to or greater than $50,000.
Distance to nearest facility was calculated for each set of birth record coordinates and categorized as less than or equal to 2.5 km, less than or equal to 5.0 km, between 2.5 and 5 km, or greater than 5.0 km.
Annual household income was reported as less than $20,000, $20 50,000, $50 100,000 and greater than $100,000 and, based on response distribution, was categorized as less than $50,000 versus $50,000 or more.
Given the small number of individuals indicating less than high school education in our cohort, the first and the second groups were combined and categorized as "less than college".
