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We categorized costs into direct and indirect costs as referred in DMPPT.
In the fourth step, we assigned the categorized costs to the three cost centres.
Only patients with positive healthcare costs in the follow-up period were included in the analysis, which categorized costs into mental health (inpatient/ER and outpatient), medical (inpatient/ER and outpatient) and pharmacy (all medications used).
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Before categorizing costs, you will need to understand the differences between them.
Medical costs were categorized into costs incurred during the index event and costs incurred during the 1-year follow-up period for MM, PCI, and CABG patients.
Although there was no clear definition in the included articles regarding acute and long-term treatment of MI, treatment costs can be roughly categorized into costs during acute phase (or hospitalization costs), costs within 1 year after event, and long-term costs after event (normally from the 2nd year onwards).
Total healthcare costs were calculated as the sum of medical costs (categorized into ambulatory visit costs, emergency services costs, IP costs, and other costs) and pharmacy costs.
The economic costs were further categorized into fixed costs (costs that do not change with output level) and variable costs (costs that change proportionately with output level).
Data were categorized into costs related to health insurance, prepayment, consultation or provider fees, hospitalization, medication, and diagnostic test costs, traditional healer and food costs, travel costs, time costs, reported impact on income, reported direct, indirect, and total costs, caregiver costs and catastrophic costs.
These data are categorized into costs related to consultations, and referrals.
Because the distribution was rising in steps and the assumptions of continuity did not hold, we categorized the costs of social care (MODEL 3).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com