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Our findings are similar to those reported by Ramirez-Zohfeld and colleagues [ 39] in that categorization of participants into levels of literacy is likely to vary across HL assessment tool employed.
Insulin has also been shown to vary within individuals (24) and thus the categorization of participants' insulin levels based on a single insulin value should be interpreted with caution.
For these and related reasons many scholars view racial identity as primarily a social construct [ 18- 22], and one that can misdirect the categorization of participants in biomedical research.
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Note that the total number is higher than 18 due to some cross-categorization of participants.> We based ourselves in Kingston, the Jamaican capital, during both fieldwork periods in order to facilitate interviews and visit Jamaica's core medical infrastructure.
Further research into this area as well as standardization of research techniques (such as sample collection techniques and methods used for categorization of study participants) is required.
Categorization of study participants according to symptom levels of stress, depression and anxiety were made using cut off points suggested in the literature [ 29].
The categorization of study participants into normo- or microalbuminuric at the baseline assessment was also associated with increased risk of hypertension in both men (almost fourfold increased risk) and women (twofold increased risk).
Using this categorization, 21/41 (51%) of participants were impaired on the response inhibition task (Walk/Don't Walk subtest of the TEA-Ch), while 28/42 (67%) were impaired on the dual-task subtest (Sky Search).
In the analyses we also set up a combined categorization with one group of participants who had both FGID and CFS/ICF, one group who had FGID only, and one group with fatigue other cause with or without FGID.
In addition, while providing categories of physical activity duration (<1, 1-3, 4-7, or >7 hours per week) eases the recall burden of participants, such categorization may also permit misclassification if differences in risk exist for more subtle distinctions in the amount of time spent active.
Experiment 1 showed that, in addition to duration, participants' categorization of syllables as long or short was robustly dictated by whether the relevant (first) syllable had a level or a falling tone corroborating similar observations in previous studies [7].
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