Williams (2001) categorised areas according to their flexibility as absent, incomplete (replacing the selected area while still reaching the conservation goal would require substitution of two or more areas or one or more areas of greater cost), or complete (other areas could be substituted, one-for-one by number or by cost, with the current choice).
Accessibility was defined by the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA+), which categorises areas as 'Major Cities (MC)', 'Inner Regional (IR)', 'Outer Regional (OR)', 'Remote (R)' or 'Very Remote (VR)' [ 11].
We reran our models using more disaggregated ethnicity measures based on the percentage of residents in each LSOA in each of 10 non-white groups, and using an alternative rurality measure based on the Rural Definition produced by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, which categorises areas according to their morphology and context (DEFRA, 2005; Supplementary Online Material).
Coded data were categorised into areas of thematic relevance to the research objectives.
Stack emissions were modelled and categorised into areas of high, medium and low levels of exposure to emissions.
15 Education was grouped by the level of attainment (elementary school, middle school, high school, university or higher) and the residential area was categorised to either urban area or non-urban area (town or country).
Percentiles of the IRSD were used to categorise the area of residence into quartiles of relative socio-economic disadvantage, with Q1 (highest scores) being most disadvantaged.
The ASGC classification categorises areas of residence as 'major cities', 'inner regional'outerteregionalal'remoteote' and 'very remote' based on road distance from a locality to the closest service centre.
The RRMA classification categorises areas based on population and remoteness as large or small metropolitan (1 2), large, small and other rural centres (3 5); and remote or other remote (6 7).
Herders categorised the study area into two macro landscapes, namely, Badhaa and Gamoji, which had contrasting microclimates.
