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Lotz et al. [5] have made a categorisation of errors based on stages in the cause effect chain (Table 2).
Three main topics surfaced: 1. Categorisation of errors, 2. Management of errors, and, 3. Ethical approach towards error disclosure.
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The original version of GEMS, along with the additional error categorisations proposed in the aforementioned study are defined and illustrated in Table 1.> Whilst the classification of errors occurring in acute care contexts according to the amplified version of GEMS is of academic interest, it is of limited value in developing educational strategies aimed at reducing error.
EPC volunteers created the quantitative survey based on the categorisation of adverse medical errors by the Office of Inspector General OIGG) in their March 2010 report.
Subsequently, a multi-dimensional analysis was performed which cross-referenced the key subject areas with an earlier categorisation of the same errors using GEMS.
(b) Primary research which either specifically aimed to identify the contributory factors (often referred to as 'causes' within studies) of active failures or threats to patient safety, or reported a clear framework for the categorisation of contributory factors of errors or threats to patient safety in the results section.
The number of critical non-presented words recalled (false memories), the number of critical non-presented words recognised (false memories), and the number of errors made on the categorisation test were calculated for each individual.
"Cascading series of errors".
Therefore a non-parametric correlation analysis (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) was used to look for a potential link between categorisation ability (categorisation test errors) and false memory susceptibility (recall and recognition errors).
In order to limit interobserver bias, all grading and severity of errors identified in the main study were independently reassessed by two members of the study team (KS and SK), with discordant assessments collectively discussed with a third (TK) in order to agree a final categorisation for error type and severity.
Categorisation of MAEs was based on established definitions, 4 9 11 18 with labelling errors considered as 'wrong preparation errors'.
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