This early visual preference for familiar categories of faces in the visual environment may be the starting point for the development of the ORE. Kelly et al. [1] assessed Caucasian 3-, 6-, and 9-month-olds' abilities to discriminate own-race faces and other-race African, Middle Eastern, and Chinese faces.
For group data, no consistent pattern was observed in the graphs between location measures (e.g., mean, median, mode, minimum, maximum) of positive (approach) and negative (avoidance) keypressing across the four categories of faces (i.e., BF, AF, BM, AM faces).
In the second fMRI study, subjects viewed static pictures of 4 categories of faces (human female, human male, monkeys, and dogs) and 3 categories of objects (houses, chairs, and shoes).
Stimuli were presented in blocks of 16 images, all chosen randomly from the category of face stimuli or, alternatively, the various categories of non-face stimuli.
In the experiment, each of the participants was randomly exposed to eight combinations of two types of image presentations (photo image vs. avatar image) and four categories of human faces (self-faces vs. famous faces vs. ideal faces vs. unfamiliar faces).
For instance, to distinguish the category of faces from another class, it can be more informative to use face fragments, such as the nose, lips, or an eye rather than to use the image of the whole face.
Two main contrasts were carried out to compare our two categories of interest: Faces > Scenes (F > S), and Scenes > Faces (S > F).
That the representation and recognition of specific categories of objects — faces, hands, etc. — might rely on individual neurons or clusters of neurons was considered improbable, even absurd; the idea was good-humoredly mocked by Jerome Lettvin in his famous comments about "grandmother cells".
Especially exciting are new categories of consumer-facing businesses such as On-Demand and App-Based Servicouldhat could not exist prior to the smartphone – and are sure to spawn a stampede of new unicorns.
This misalignment of latencies might be due to differences in the categories of non-face stimuli between the two experiments, although this issue needs further clarification.
