In the categorical distance specification, compared with the reference category (> 2,000 m from an airport), children living within 500 m of an airport had blood lead levels that were, on average, 4.4% higher (coefficient = 0.043; 95% CI, 0.006 0.080) (Table 3).
We note that the RR estimates were somewhat sensitive to the model specification (categorical versus continuous, untransformed versus log-transformed); however, the various modeling approaches were consistent in suggesting excess risk with higher exposure.
Kant gives several specifications of the Categorical Imperative, which he regards as equivalent (G 4: 429, 431, 433, 433); but at bottom, it is the requirement that in deliberating we test our motives by considering whether the principle they express can be endorsed as a universal law.
We estimate ordered probit models using a categorical classification of smoking; some specifications include a categorical variable for time preference.
As it represents the frequency of categorical (qualitative) data, it has its specifications.
Categorical variables with more than two specifications were analysed with univariate ANOVAs with the PDS score as a dependent variable.
We tested a number of different specifications for the utility function (e.g., categorical or numerical attribute levels, two-way interactions between attributes, several attribute transformations).
Formal generalized sketches is a graph-based specification format that borrows its main ideas from categorical and ordinary first-order logic, and adapts them to software engineering needs.
To examine the sensitivity of the findings to model specification, we entered exposure in the models using both categorical cutpoints and continuous variables, with the latter modeled as both untransformed and log-transformed.
Based on such foundations, we then explain the categorical semantics of Maude's parameterized theories, modules and views and their instantiation, and the reflective algebraic specification of the different module and view operations.
