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Asymmetric feeding of liquid reactants and catalytic solids are common in the operation of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactors.
The advantage of the RFR is basically due to the regenerative heat-exchange mechanism, provided by the inert and catalytic solids inside the unit.
Synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, such as Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), can be readily employed to study catalysts in action, thereby offering great potential for revealing the mechanism and behaviour of catalytic solids both during preparation and reaction.
The catalytic solids, fully characterized by microscopic, spectroscopic and porosimetric techniques, showed standard performance in the liquid-phase epoxidation of a cyclic alkene, as limonene, but remarkably high selectivity values in the oxidative carboxylation of styrene, with tert-butylhydroperoxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide as a cocatalyst.
After tracing the key milestones in zeolite science with particular reference to catalytic solids, and the characteristics of hypothetical new structures that should soon be synthesizable, we focus, first on a summarizing account of the ever-more refined techniques of evaluation and characterization that are now available to the zeolite scientist.
Alkali-modified zeolites and mesoporous solids of the MCM-41 family have shown to be active catalysts in this reaction, although solubility of the catalytic solids and leaching of their constituents into the liquid was observed.[ 9– 11] These catalysts are extensively discussed in two review articles by the groups of Richter and Barrault.
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A step decrease in inlet gas temperature may result in catalyst overheating when either the catalytic (solid phase) or the homogeneous (gas phase) reactions are dominant.
We have developed an efficient catalytic solid-phase system for epoxidations that uses cetylpyridinium dodecatungstate ((CetylPy 10[H2W12O42]) catalyst/fluorapatite (FAp) disperse phase with a solid urea hydrogen peroxide complex (urea H2O2).
On the basis of new concept using a solid disperse phase we have developed an efficient catalytic solid-phase-system for epoxidations of alkenes using urea hydrogen peroxide (urea H2O2) complex and cetylpyridinium dodecatungstate ((CetylPy 10[H2W12O42]) catalyst on fluorapatite (FAp).
Perovskite type-oxides constitute an interesting class of model catalysts for establishing the relation between the catalytic and solid state properties.
A hybrid power generation system integrating catalytic gasification, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), oxygen transfer membrane (OTM) and gas turbine (GT) is established and system energy analysis is performed.
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