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The cash scheme now in place offers a tenth of that.The disincentives to growing alternative crops are formidable.
This paper proposes a new untraceable off-line electronic cash scheme which can maintain anonymity and double spender detection and possesses strong fraud control capabilities.
The two fundamental issues with any off-line electronic cash scheme have been the detection of double-spending and provision of anonymity.
Gwent Police said it followed a two-year investigation into a "crash for cash" scheme - where accidents are staged to defraud insurance companies.
On the other hand, Pfitzmann and Sadeghi [5, 6] introduced the digital cash scheme to a fingerprinting protocol, and Camenisch [7] used group signature schemes for the solution of the unbinding problem.
Det Sgt Andy Cullen said: "A team of officers and detectives have been investigating this sophisticated 'crash for cash scheme' alongside the Insurance Fraud Bureau (IFB) for more than two years, and this has led to the arrest and charge of these 86 individuals". Those charged range in age from 24 to 71, with most from the Gwent valleys, 13 from Cardiff and three from Pontypridd.
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There have been two types of electronic cash schemes, namely on-line and off-line.
Untraceable electronic cash schemes make it possible for customers to pay the e-cash to the merchants through communication networks under privacy protection.
Therefore, there is a need to invent new electronic payment protocols with strong cryptographic algorithms that will eventually replace present day paper-based cash schemes.
Many believe these "aprovechavistas" – a phrase used to described opportunists who sided with the late president Chávez's movement for the government's cash schemes rather than ideological reasons – will not show up to vote.
More importantly, it shows that this kind of redistributive program dominates a pure in-cash scheme.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com