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In all cases, variance homogeneity was tested using Levenes's test and transformed if necessary (square root).
In 93 % of the 1654 cases, variance ratios are greater than one, which means that males' variance is larger than females'.
In all cases variance testing could not rule out the assumptions that grouped responses were normally distributed and had the same variances.
The reason for this is that in such cases variance estimates from a small sample of the tail are quite unreliable and give a poor description of the distribution.
When quartiles 1 and 4 were compared, all items yielded significant differences (p < 0.001) in all cases; variance was also different between the two groups in all items (p < 0.08).
Similar(55)
In this case, variance cannot be evaluated in closed form.
In each case, variance inflation factors (vif) are calculated to evaluate the severity of multicollinearity.
However, for designs with more than three observations per subject, Kunert and Utzig (1993) only give a rough upper bound for the worst-case variance bias.
Secondly, while our study includes a comparative case study perspective, despite the case variance and the political-institutional differences, our data show more similarities than differences.
In this paper, we consider control problems where the objective is to minimize the worst-case variance of the regulated output over the class of all exogenous signals that meet partially specified statistical information.
Of the two architectures presented, the pipeline architecture computes keystream at uniform rate and the parallel architecture bounds the worst-case variance in the time period between computations of consecutive output key words, which form the keystream.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com