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In most of the cases, patent urachus was recognized during the second and third trimester.
All four patients had associated malformations, including a partial atrioventricular canal defect (1/4 cases), patent ductus arteriosus (1/4), bowel malrotation (3/4), a congenital short bowel (1/4), an annular pancreas (1/4), and urinary tract malformations (3/4) (Table 2).
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In many cases, patents have been granted even though the medical relevance of the gene is not yet known.
In a number of cases patents are being used to forbid research on biotechnologies (Biddle [2014]).
In some cases, patents appear to be getting used as a resource of last resort for companies with bigger, more dire financial problems.
In one case, patents for specialty aluminum alloys donated in 1997 by AlliedSignal, now part of Honeywell, to the University of Virginia were valued at more than $7 million.
In any case, patents don't last forever; they expire (20 years for utility patents and 14 for design patents).
In cases of patent litigation - enforcing the rights of a patent, for example - a patent attorney takes control.
Reconstituting the patents is difficult because, in many cases, the patent office cannot even name the inventors.
In the cases the patent office chose, it found that the courts ruled that more than 80 percent of the patents were valid.
In ordinary cases, the patent holder must prove infringement.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com