Among the vulnerability indices and their contributing factors, a higher standard deviation (SD) is found in the case of vulnerability (0.101) compared to exposure (0.046), sensitivity (0.064) and adaptation (0.061) (Table 7).
This situation is less serious in the case of vulnerability, as reflected by the analysis of the strategic and legislative documents and the results of our survey (Questions 2 and 4).
The responses show that the benefits of both concepts are largely seen in the conceptual/theoretical advancement of the field of DRM, closely followed by methodological advancement, in the case of vulnerability, and practical results and impact, with vulnerability slightly ahead of resilience.
In most cases, correlation of vulnerability results with actual pollution occurrence is used (McLay et al. 2001; Rupert 2001), which was adopted for this study.
The latter clearly highlights the importance of specific vulnerability which is by nature linked with those processes and is regarded as the most integrated approach for vulnerability assessment; however, even in cases of intrinsic vulnerability assessment, those interactions should be indirectly taken into account to validation process, to acquire representative results with minimized errors.
The specific objective of this study was to assess the strength and limitation of participatory vulnerability approach using a case study of vulnerability to drought in three agro-pastoral communities in Niger.
But except for the case of EPCIP, vulnerability analysis is included implicitly rather than explicitly in the legislation reviewed in this article.
But in the case of physical vulnerability, although it is acknowledged that different representations of this dimension allow a probabilistic representation (for example, damage probability matrixes and fragility curves), the one known as the vulnerability function is far more useful.
20 22 26 In the case of healthcare, vulnerability arises because health service users are ill and require care in an environment of specialist knowledge that creates asymmetries, establishing agency relationships between users and providers.
A case-only study of vulnerability to heat wave related mortality in New York City (2000 2011).
