These mixed results could be attributed to reallocation in the case of negative effects and positive externality effects in the case of positive effects and the fact that the literature examines different policy programs and uses different methods.
In the case of negative effect, our work shows that these characteristics shape the two effects in a way that helps speed up diffusion, but tends to lower the coverage it could reach.
Owing to the small number of cases with negative effects that did have policy and practice impacts in our study, it was not possible to determine if there were any specific barriers to decommissioning existing programmes.
In most of the cases, these negative effects may remain unnoticed, but in the long run they may take part in the development of AD.
We documented many cases of positive and negative effects of manuring, fertilization, eradication, grazing, mowing, picking, drought, succession, and abandonment.
In the case of negative externality effect, adopting household i transmits to non-adopting state once the fraction of his adopting neighbours reaches the externality threshold, i.e. (f_{it}^{text {geo}} > delta ). .
Indeed, in 2 case reports negative effects of smoking cessation on TS have been reported [ 57, 59].
In some cases, the negative effect of these policies was unanticipated by voters.
And while most of the time tariffs just mean higher prices and reduced competition, in the case of ethanol the negative effects are considerably greater, leaving us saddled with an inferior and less energy-efficient technology and as dependent as ever on oil-producing countries.
