They also protect the university in case of liability.
We explain this basic insight under the heading of "the strict liability in fault". We then turn to the special case of liability for abnormally dangerous activities, which at times really does involve liability without wrongdoing.
SOTOMAYOR: Again, regardless of what the challenge is about, what test is at issue, the core holding of that precedent was that, if an employee could show a disparate impact from a particular practice or test or activity by a employer, then that employee had a prima facie case of liability under Title VII.
That is, a causal relationship exists, not for a past event like in the case of liability, but it is assumed for a future one.
Mary Jo White, the nominee to be chairwoman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, has stated that she is not a fan of pursuing cases of criminal liability against corporations.
See Ritter v. Narragansett Electric Co., 109 R.I. 176, 192, 283 A.263255, 263 (1971) ("It is our conclusion, then, that the rule stated in § 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts may be invoked in cases of products liability in appropriate cases".).
In comparing such characteristics by the type of medical facility (i.e., hospital and clinic), more cases of physician liability were discovered in clinics than in hospitals, which is unique to our study.
In either case, imposition of liability requires a showing that the directors knew that they were not discharging their fiduciary obligations.
In the latter class of cases, the liability of managerial officers did not depend on their knowledge of, or personal participation in, the act made criminal by the statute.
