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We evaluated the performance of the SFCL through the analysis of two cases of faults in different points of the system.
In order to ensure protection sensitivity even in the cases of faults from open circuit regime, current register locking technique has been developed and used in combination with new algorithm.
100 cases of faults are tested to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm: 1) 63 cases of line faults, including single-line-to-ground, double-line-to-ground, three-phase short, and double-line short; 2) 22 cases of generator trip, with the range of generation between 510 2400 MVA; 3) 15 cases of load shedding, with the range of load between 210 360 MVA.
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The cases of fault detection or observation as well as single and multiple fault resolution are treated.
It is evident from Table 2 that percentage of accuracy and correct answers were high and the detection time was less than quarter cycle for most of the test cases in both the cases of fault detection/section estimation and fault classification modules.
Lockup situations in case of faults are explained.
Furthermore, some slack-time is reserved for re-execution in case of faults.
The proposed approach is tested on the example of catalytic cracking converter at the nominal operations condition as well as in the case of faults.
The former solves the regulation problem above when all the sensors and actuators are operational, and is suitably modified by the latter in case of faults.
The second building block is an operational controller for providing certified safety when dealing with behaviors that are not completely predictable, for instance in case of faults.
The idea of islanding parts of the distribution network in case of faults, in order to increase the consumer quality of service, is the basic notion behind the formation of Microgrids.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com