Exact(3)
In a few cases, chance events will be such that outbreaks of staphylococcal infection may occur despite the presence of stringent control measures.
Female students with acne had lower odds of atopic asthma, and male students with acne had lower odds of atopy alone but, in both cases, chance could not be ruled out as wide confidence intervals included the null.
Our findings of no increased risk for sequential preparations of oestrogen and progesterone derived progestin and continuous combined therapy are somewhat surprising, but since these estimates were based on fewer than 15 cases, chance cannot be ruled out as an explanation.
Similar(57)
(See his (1980) for the theory of single-case chance).
It is the stable trial principle that has the closest connection with single-case chance, however.
A number of the constraints discussed above require the legitimacy of single-case chance.
Therefore the PP, if it is to play this necessary explanatory role, requires single-case chance.
These possible responses to Milne's argument make it reasonable to conclude that single-case chance is consistent and an integral part of our ordinary beliefs about chance.
But chances aren't frequencies, and single-case chance is almost universally taken to be not only well-defined for a specific event, but unique for that event.
As noted in Supplement A.2, this renders the chances relatively independent of the occurrent frequencies, which in turn requires single-case chance.
Another argument offered against single-case chance is Milne's generalisation of Humphreys 1985, 'directed against any realist single-case interpretations of probability' (Milne 1985: 130).
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